Water |
Carbohydrates (energy source) |
Lactose |
Oligosaccharides (see below) |
Carboxylic acid |
Alpha hydroxy acid |
Lactic acid |
Proteins (building muscles and bones) |
Whey protein |
Alpha-lactalbumin |
HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumour cells) |
Lactoferrin |
Many antimicrobial factors (see below) |
Casein |
Serum albumin |
Non-protein nitrogens |
Creatine |
Creatinine |
Urea |
Uric acid |
Peptides (see below) |
Amino Acids (the building blocks of proteins) |
Alanine |
Arginine |
Aspartate |
Clycine |
Cystine |
Glutamate |
Histidine |
Isoleucine |
Leucine |
Lycine |
Methionine |
Phenylalanine |
Proline |
Serine |
Taurine |
Uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-hexosamine (UDPAH) |
Uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) |
Several more novel nucleotides of the UDP type |
Fats |
Triglycerides |
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (important for brain development) |
Arachidonic acid (AHA) (important for brain development) |
Linoleic acid |
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) |
Conjugated linoleic acid (Rumenic acid) |
Free Fatty Acids |
Monounsaturated fatty acids |
Oleic acid |
Palmitoleic acid |
Heptadecenoic acid |
Saturated fatty acids |
Stearic |
Palmitic acid |
Lauric acid |
Myristic acid |
Phospholipids |
Phosphatidylcholine |
Phosphatidylethanolamine |
Phosphatidylinositol |
Lysophosphatidylcholine |
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine |
Plasmalogens |
Sphingolipids |
Sphingomyelin |
Gangliosides |
GM1 |
GM2 |
GM3 |
Glucosylceramide |
Glycosphingolipids |
Galactosylceramide |
Theronine |
Tryptophan |
Tyrosine |
Valine |
Carnitine (amino acid compound necessary to make use of fatty acids as an energy source) |
Nucleotides (chemical compounds that are the structural units of RNA and DNA) |
5’-Adenosine monophosphate (5”-AMP) |
3’:5’-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (3’:5’-cyclic AMP) |
5’-Cytidine monophosphate (5’-CMP) |
Cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP choline) |
Guanosine diphosphate (UDP) |
Guanosine diphosphate - mannose |
3’- Uridine monophosphate (3’-UMP) |
5’-Uridine monophosphate (5’-UMP) |
Uridine diphosphate (UDP) |
Uridine diphosphate hexose (UDPH) |
Lactosylceramide |
Globotriaosylceramide (GB3) |
Globoside (GB4) |
Sterols |
Squalene |
Lanosterol |
Dimethylsterol |
Methosterol |
Lathosterol |
Desmosterol |
Triacylglycerol |
Cholesterol |
7-dehydrocholesterol |
Stigma-and campesterol |
7-ketocholesterol |
Sitosterol |
β-lathosterol |
Vitamin D metabolites |
Steroid hormones |
Vitamins |
Vitamin A |
Beta carotene |
Vitamin B6 |
Vitamin B8 (Inositol) |
Vitamin B12 |
Vitamin C |
Vitamin D |
Vitamin E |
a-Tocopherol |
Vitamin K |
Thiamine |
Riboflavin |
Niacin |
Folic acid |
Pantothenic acid |
Biotin |
Minerals |
Calcium |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Iron |
Zinc |
Chloride |
Phosphorus |
Magnesium |
Copper |
Manganese |
Iodine |
Selenium |
Choline |
Sulpher |
Chromium |
Cobalt |
Fluorine |
Nickel |
Metal |
Molybdenum (essential element in many enzymes) |
Growth Factors (aid in the maturation of the intestinal lining) |
Cytokines |
interleukin-1β (IL-1β) |
IL-2 |
IL-4 |
IL-6 |
IL-8 |
IL-10 |
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) |
Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) |
Platelet derived growth factors (PDGF) |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
Hepatocyte growth factor -α (HGF-α) |
HGF-β |
Tumor necrosis factor-α |
Interferon-γ |
Epithelial growth factor (EGF) |
Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) |
TGF β1 |
TGF-β2 |
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (also known as somatomedin C) |
Insulin-like growth factor- II |
Nerve growth factor (NGF) |
Erythropoietin |
Peptides (combinations of amino acids) |
HMGF I (Human growth factor) |
HMGF II |
HMGF III |
Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
β-endorphins |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) |
β-defensin-1 |
Calcitonin |
Gastrin |
Motilin |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (also known as thyrotropin) |
Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) |
Bombesin (gastric releasing peptide, also known as neuromedin |
Neurotensin |
Somatostatin |
Hormones (chemical messengers that carry signals from one cell, or group of cells, to another via the blood) |
Cortisol |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Thyroxine (T4) |
Prolactin |
Oxytocin |
Insulin |
Corticosterone |
Thrombopoietin |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
GRH |
Leptin (aids in regulation of food intake) |
Ghrelin (aids in regulation of food intake) |
Adiponectin |
Feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL) |
Eicosanoids |
Prostaglandins (enzymatically derived from fatty acids) |
PG-E1 |
PG-E2 |
PG-F2 |
Leukotrienes |
Thromboxanes |
Prostacyclins |
Enzymes (catalysts that support chemical reactions in the body) |
Amylase |
Arysulfatase |
Catalase |
Histaminase |
Lipase |
Lysozyme |
PAF-acetylhydrolase |
Phosphatase |
Xanthine oxidase |
Antiproteases |
a-1-antitrypsin |
Basophils |
Neutrophils |
Eoisinophils |
Macrophages |
Lymphocytes |
B lymphocytes (also known as B cells) |
T lymphocytes (also known as C cells) |
sIgA (Secretory immunoglobulin A) (the most important antiinfective factor) |
IgA2 |
IgG |
IgD |
IgM |
IgE |
Complement C1 |
Complement C2 |
Complement C3 |
Complement C4 |
Complement C5 |
Complement C6 |
Complement C7 |
Complement C8 |
Complement C9 |
Glycoproteins |
Mucins (attaches to bacteria and viruses to prevent them from clinging to mucousal tissues) |
Lactadherin |
Alpha-lactoglobulin |
Alpha-2 macroglobulin |
Lewis antigens |
Ribonuclease |
Haemagglutinin inhibitors |
Bifidus Factor (increases growth of Lactobacillus bifidus - which is a good bacteria) |
Lactoferrin (binds to iron which prevents harmful bacteria from using the iron to grow) |
Lactoperoxidase |
B12 binding protein (deprives microorganisms of vitamin B12) |
Fibronectin (makes phagocytes more aggressive, minimizes inflammation, and repairs damage caused by inflammation) |
Oligosaccharides (more than 200 different kinds!) |
a-1-antichymotrypsin |
Antimicrobial factors |
Leukocytes (white blood cells) |
Phagocytes |